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Introduction

This guide provides starting points for international human rights research on the internet and at the U of M Law Library.  Other Law Library guides that may help are:

The Law Library has a large collection of works on human rights, including monographs (books), periodicals, country reports, and government documents.  Other useful works on human rights are located at the Wilson Library and the Bio-Med Library.  Use MNCAT, the library catalog, to find relevant books and documents.  To find periodicals and UN documents, however, you will need to use specialized indexes such as the Index to Legal Periodicals, LegalTrac, and AccessUN.

Many human rights works are shelved on the third floor of the Law Library around the call numbers K3240.  You will also find other human rights materials in the Human Rights Library, which is located in the back of the third floor, in the corner farthest from the Library entrance.

In researching human rights law, one of the first steps is to identify relevant inter-governmental organizations and instruments.  The United Nations has two types of human rights bodies--Charter-based and treaty-based. The form, scope and powers of Charter-based organizations arise from provisions in the U.N. Charter of the United Nations.  These organizations, such as the Human Rights Commission, hold broad human rights mandates, address an unlimited audience, and take action based on majority voting. Treaty-based organizations are created by other specific legal instruments, such as the Convention against Torture.  They address fewer issues, and deal only with countries that have ratified the treaties or covenants that created them.  They base their decision-making on consensus.  See the specialized United Nations Research Guide on Human Rights (http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/spechr.htm).

Regional organizations, such as the European Union (http://europa.eu/index_en.htm) the Organization of American States (http://www.oas.org), and the African Union (http://www.africa-union.org), work with their member states on human rights issues defined by their founding instruments.  Their structure, decision-making practices and authority varies.

One way to learn the key sources of international human rights law, using carefully-selected internet sources, is through the American Society of International Law's EISIL project at http://www.eisil.org.  Select the Human Rights topic.

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A. Research Guides & Bibliographies

Research guides and bibliographies can be an efficient way to start human rights research. See MNCAT for other guides or bibliographies under the subjects human rights--bibliography.

Web guides:

B. Background Information (places to start)

Two introductory books:
Thomas Buergenthal, International Human Rights in a Nutshell (3d ed.West, 2002).  Reserve K3240.4 .B84 2002.

 Henry J. Steiner & Philip Alston, International Human Rights in Context:  Law, Politics, Morals: Text and Materials, 2d ed. (Oxford University Press, 2000).  K3240 .S74 2000.

Other general sources may be found by searching MNCAT under the subject human rights.  (Older works are catalogued under the subject civil rights.) Periodicals are an excellent source of information; consult section D of this guide.

To find books on more specific topics in MNCAT, use subject searches like the following:

civil rights [country or region]
civil rights  international law [group]
civil rights
human rights
[group] human rights
human rights  [country or region]
women legal status, laws, etc.
women's rights
married women  legal status, laws, etc.  [country]
children (international law)
children's rights

You can also search by subject for individual organizations, such as the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, or for individual human rights instruments, such as the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950).

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C. Documents (Treaties, Country Reports, Cases)

1.  Treaties and other instruments

Two of the largest paper collections of human rights documents in the Library are:

The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Compilation of Human Rights Instruments (Göran Melander & Gudmundur Alfredsson eds., 1997).  Human Rights  K 3238 .R36 1997

International Human Rights Instruments:  A Compilation of Treaties, Agreements, and Declarations of Especial Interest to the United States.  (Richard B. Lillich ed., 1983- )   K 3238 .A1 I57 1983.

Many useful sources for documents are on the internet:

The EISIL Project of the American Society of International Law has identified key sources in international human rights law (http://www.eisil.org).

Human Rights Library (U of M), (http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts) This is a major collection of international human rights documents, organized in several ways.  Many documents include citations.

Tufts University, Fletcher Multilaterals Project, (http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multilaterals.html)

UN High Commissioner for Refugees (http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home) (Under Research/Evaluation, contains useful documents on countries' treatment of  refugees and asylum seekers, and policy documents relating to refugee and asylum issues).

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (http://www.ohchr.org/english/) (excellent starting point for many topics)

Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM), Human Rights Treaties (http://www.law.uu.nl/english/sim/instr)

2.  Country reports

Country reports are documents issued by intergovernmental or non-governmental organizations, or by governments, that assess a country's human rights performance.  Major series of country reports include those issued by Amnesty International (http://www.amnesty.org), Human Rights Watch (http://www.hrw.org), and the United States Department of State (country reports at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/hr/c1470.htm).   All three of these organizations publish their reports on their websites. These reports are on Reserve in the Law Library.  The Department of State Reports are at Reserve Y4.F76/ 1-15:.  The Amnesty International reports are at  Reserve K3239.4 .A46x, and the Human Rights Watch reports are at Reserve JC 571 .H784.

3.  Cases

Finding human rights cases can be difficult; some cases are not reported, and case reporters are often published irregularly.  Here are some paper sources for human rights cases:

European Court of Human Rights: Publications de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme.  Série A, Arrêts et décisions =Publications of the European Court of Human Rights.  Human Rights Library   KJC5132.A52   E88

Leading Cases of the European Court of Human Rights (R.A. Lawson & H.G. Schermers eds., 1997). Law Library KJC5138.A6 1997x.

International Human Rights Reports (University of Nottingham,  1994- ) (contains cases from the UN, Council of Europe, and the Inter-American Court).  Human Rights Library K9 .N7344x

Butterworths Human Rights Cases (1997- ) (contains cases from around the world).  Law Library K3240.3 .B88x.

Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Serie C--Resoluciones y sentencias (1987, 1989, 1990).  Human Rights Library   KDZ574.A52   I535x

Decisions and Reports (Council of Europe and European Commission for Human Rights, 1960-1974). Human Rights Library KJC5135.A5 C65x (no.1 (1960)-no.46 (1974).

Decisions and Reports (European Commission of Human Rights, 1975-1999).  Ceased with 94-B, published in 1999. Human Rights Library KJC5135.A5 D435x .

Selected Decisions under the Optional Protocol (United Nations, Human Rights Committee, 1985-1990). Law Library United Nations Documents UN-DOCSCCPR/C/OP/1-2.

You can often find cases on the internet.  Here are some useful sites:  
Interights International Human Rights Law (http://www.interights.org)  (The International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights)

Human Rights Library (U of M),(http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts).

Inter-American Court of Human Rights (http://www.corteidh.or.cr/index.cfm?&CFID=2020&CFTOKEN=49355178)

HUDOC, European Union human rights cases, (http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/Case-Law/HUDOC/HUDOC+database/ )

Canadian Human Rights Tribunal decisions (http://www.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca/index_e.asp)

United Nations charter-based and treaty-based organizations make their recent decisions available when these decisions are not confidential.  Search at UN High Commissioner for Human Rights http://www.ohchr.org/english/

Cases from national courts involving the definition of a refugee, from the University of Michigan's Refugee Caselaw Site(http://www.refugeecaselaw.org/)

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D. Periodicals & Periodical Indexes

Periodicals are an excellent source for information about human rights. They are also useful for locating citations to treaties, cases and other documents.

Periodicals

The Law Library has numerous periodicals on international human rights law.  To find the titles of these periodicals, search MNCAT with subject headings such as:

Minorities -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- Periodicals
Human rights -- Periodicals
Human rights -- [region or country] -- Periodicals
Women's rights -- Periodicals
Once you identify a relevant periodical, look for an index either specific to the publication, such as an annual end-of-the-year index, or a broader periodical index that covers the periodical you need.  MNCAT does not contain article titles.

Periodical Indexes

Current Law Index (Ref. K33.C87). Also available on LEXIS and on WESTLAW in the LRI database and on Legaltrac (from the Law Library home page).

Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals (Ref K33.I55x). See web version at http://www.lib.umn.edu/get/15870. (U of M community only.)

Index to Legal Periodicals & Books (Ref. K33.I54). http://ezproxy.law.umn.edu/login?url=http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?custid=0000053689&prod=ILPIN.  Available on Law School network and in Reference Office.

PAIS International.  http://www.lib.umn.edu/cgi-bin/pais.cgi (U of M Community only.) 

Social Sciences Citatation Index, included in Web of Science.  (U of M Community only.) http://www.lib.umn.edu/cgi-bin/ss-isi.cgi

Max Planck Institute for Public International Law also has an index at http://www.mpil.de/ww/en/pub/news.cfm

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E. Other Web Sites

Other comprehensive human rights databases:

Interights International Human Rights Law  (http://www.interights.org) (The International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights).

Human Rights Library (U of M),  (http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts).

Women's Human Rights Resources, (http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/diana)

International Humanitarian Law (IHL) database (http://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat.nsf).  From the International Committee of the Red Cross.  Contains national laws implementing humanitarian law; also includes some national cases.

MINELRES (http://www.minelres.lv/).  Directory of resources on minority human rights and related problems of the transition period in Eastern and Central Europe; includes some national laws in English and original languages.  Topics include include Citizenship, Education, Media/Telecommunications, Elections/Political Parties, Labor, Penal/Criminal Law, Cultural Autonomy, Language, Minorities/Ethnic Groups, Constitution, and Aliens.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) active in human rights work are among the best sources for current human rights information.  These organizations are too numerous to list here; use the list at the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library (http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/links/ngolinks.html).
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G. LexisNexis & Westlaw

(Law school students, faculty & staff only)

For human rights research, the most useful databases on LexisNexis and Westlaw are the law reviews and journals databases.  Although coverage is limited to relatively recent years (varies by title), these full-text databases are an excellent source for both analysis and citations. In addition, LexisNexis has European Human Rights cases, and Butterworths Human Rights Cases from 1996 (selected decisions from international, European and English courts and tribunals). LexisNexis also has the State Department's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (use the pathLegal > Area of Law - By Topic > International Law > Legal Reference Materials).

  Westlaw's HR-RPTS-ALL contains European Human Rights Reports and United Kingdom Human Rights Law Reports. Westlaw also has Inter-American Commission on Human Rights materials in its IACHR-OAS database, and documents from the International Tribunals for Rwanda (INT-ITCR) and the Former Yugoslavia (INT-ICTY-ALL). 

Human rights research can be difficult.  Please consult the reference librarians if you need help.

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Links verified 5/14/2008

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